CREATESPACE Advanced Binary for Programming & Computer Science: Logical, Bitwise and Arithmetic Operations, and Data Encoding and Representation

This book explains how the binary works & how it is used by computers to represent information including positive & negative integers, characters & real numbers. It explains the logical & bitwise operations used to manipulate information & perform arithmetic. We also briefly look at how computers store this information in memory & secondary storage, & how it can be transmitted between computers. Topics covered include: INTRODUCING NUMBER BASES & BINARY CONVERTING FROM BINARY TO DENARY & VICE-VERSA How to Convert a Binary Number to Denary How to Convert a Denary Number to Binary HOW COMPUTERS GROUP BINARY DIGITS A Closer Look at Bytes A Closer Look at Words -Word alignment, word alignment & packing, byte ordering & endianness Addresses BOOLEAN OPERATIONS & LOGIC GATES Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra -NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, NXOR Combining Logic Gates -NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NOR using NAND logic Logical Versus Bitwise Operations Using Bitwise Operations to Set, Clear, Flip or Test Bits -Setting bits, inverting bits, clearing bits, testing bits ADDING & SUBTRACTING IN BINARY Adding Binary Integers -The column addition method of adding denary numbers & adding binary numbers, implementing binary addition using logic gates Subtracting Binary Integers -The column subtraction methods of subtracting denary numbers & subtracting binary numbers, implementing binary subtraction using logic gates SHIFT OPERATIONS Left Shift Right Shift Circular Shifts MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION IN BINARY Multiplication -Multiplying by a power of 2, column multiplication, Russian peasant multiplication algorithm, multiplication in hardware Division -Dividing by a power of 2, denary long division, binary long division, algorithm for binary long division, division in hardware REPRESENTING CHARACTERS & STRINGS OF CHARACTERS Representing Individual Characters -ASCII, extended ASCIIs, BCDIC & other early character encodings, EBCDIC, Unicode Representing Strings of Characters -Terminated strings, length-prefixed strings, other string representations REPRESENTING TEXT & GRAPHICS ON SCREEN Text Mode Displays Bitmap Displays PARITY CHECKING What is a Parity Bit Even & Odd Parity Advantages, Disadvantages & Limitations of Using Parity Checking Parity's Use in RAID Storage Devices Unused Parity Bits SIGNED INTEGERS Offset Binary Signed Magnitude Representation One's Complement Two's Complement Other Representations of Signed Numbers -Base -2, signed-digit representation REAL NUMBERS Fixed Point Representation Floating Point Representation Rational Data Type Logarithmic Number Systems DENARY ENCODINGS & DECIMAL DATA TYPES Why Use Denary Representations of Real Numbers? Binary Encodings of Denary -Serial decimal, two-out-of-five, bi-quinary, character-based encodings of denary, binary-Coded Decimal (BCD), Chen-Ho Encoding, Densely Packed Decimal (DPD) & excess-3 Decimal Data Types -Which numbers can be exactly represented in fixed & floating point? -How inexact? -Issues with inexact representation -Decimal representation DATA STRUCTURES Structs Arrays Linked Lists & More Complex Structures -Limitations of arrays, introducing linked lists, singly & doubly linked lists, more complex data structures TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY Magnetic-Core Memory & Core Rope Memory RAM -DRAM & SRAM ROM -Mask-programmed ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory SECONDARY STORAGE Sequential Storage -Punched tape, magnetic tape Random Access Storage -Magnetic disk, optical disk, solid state drives, flash memory & cloud storage MEASURING MEMORY & STORAGE DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Serial Communication Parallel Communication MEASURING TRANSFER RATES Baud