No-Singularity Cosmos: The Physical Mechanism of Perturbations and Structure Formation

This book proposes a bold challenge: the infinite temperature and density of the singularity may be a mathematical artifact of general relativity rather than a physical reality. Instead, we argue that high density arises spontaneously from perturbations, not from the extreme conditions of a singularity, and that high-temperature conditions result from the rapid motion and high-density collisions of particles. This perspective inverts the traditional causal sequence, emphasizing the self-organizing capacity of microscopic particles, where perturbations from eccentric collisions drive the formation of high-density regions, ultimately evolving into celestial bodies and cosmic structures. The singularity hypothesis of the Big Bang Theory stems from solutions to Einstein’s field equations. The Friedmann equations describe the universe’s expansion with a scale factor, which, when extrapolated backward to ( t = 0 ), suggests a collapse to a single point with infinite density and temperature. This mathematical singularity resembles the central singularity of a black hole but poses significant physical challenges. The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics implies that infinite density and temperature violate fundamental physical laws, and modern theories such as inflation or quantum gravity suggest the universe may have originated from a finite high-density state rather than a mathematical singularity. Furthermore, the Big Bang Theory treats high temperature as the cause of particle motion, with cooling leading to particle aggregation, implying a linear causal chain: high temperature (cause) drives particle motion, resulting in celestial formation. However, this sequence may overlook the spontaneous role of microscopic perturbations. We propose that high particle velocities (approaching the speed of light) and high-density collisions generate high temperatures, with high density being the critical factor and perturbations as the physical source of high density. This causal inversion aligns more closely with physical intuition and is consistent with observations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and astrophysics. The central thesis of this book is that perturbations, not a singularity, drive the formation of cosmic structures. Eccentric collisions of microscopic particles induce spin and helical motion, forming localized vortices or density concentrations. These perturbations amplify in high-density gases, evolving through gravitational collapse into stars, planets, and galaxies. Angular momentum conservation results in randomly distributed spin directions, leading to the diversity of celestial bodies. Aggregated particles forming celestial bodies constitute only a small fraction of the universe’s total particles, while unaggregated interstellar gas and dark matter continue to form new bodies through ongoing perturbations, influencing galaxy evolution and potentially playing a critical role in the universe’s future. We further propose that same-direction rotations may repel, while opposite-direction rotations may attract—a hypothesis constrained by gravity’s dominance but offering insights into local dynamics through fluid dynamics analogies. The objective of this book is to reexamine the origin and evolution of the universe through a cross-scale physical framework. Starting with microscopic particle collisions, we analyze how perturbations spontaneously form high-density regions, driving celestial formation, and explore the future role of unaggregated particles. This framework challenges the singularity hypothesis of the Big Bang Theory, emphasizing the universality of self-organization and perturbations, consistent with observations of star formation in molecular clouds and the random distribution of galaxy spin directions. Our aim is to provide a new perspective for cosmology, astrophysics, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, stimulating deeper reflection on the universe’s initial conditions and future destiny.