Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a nervous system disorder that occurs in patients with acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, and portosystemic shunting. When the liver does not work properly, toxins build up in the blood. These toxins can reach the brain and affect its cognitive function. Sometimes, the patients of hepatic encephalopathy may appear confused. The primary characteristics of HE include personality changes, intellectual impairment, and a depressed level of consciousness. There is no single standard test that can be used to diagnose HE. However, the healthcare providers diagnose HE on the basis of a detailed evaluation of the medical history, symptoms, physical examination, and neuroimaging studies of an individual. Additionally, blood tests that can help identify abnormalities associated with liver and kidney dysfunction, infections, bleeding, are also used. The management of HE requires identification and treatment of the underlying cause of liver dysfunction, along with addressing the neurological symptoms associated with this condition. The treatment of HE is majorly based on dietary modifications, medical therapy, and liver transplantation. Diet modification is aimed at restricting the protein consumption to ensure a reduced production of ammonia in the gut. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of hepatic encephalopathy research. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.