Oxford University Press Stereotypes and Scripts: How Language Shapes and Resists Expectations (Studies in Feminist Philosophy)

Generics are sentences that express generalizations about a particular group or kind: like "birds fly," "hikers love to snack," and "children are seen and not heard." A social script can be understood like an interpersonal dialogue, as with a script in a movie or play, that tells someone how to act in a given scenario: for example, saying "thank you" when receiving a compliment. A social script can also be a narrative about how one's life or behavior ought to go, or a set of expected generalizations and behaviors for a certain social role. On all conceptualizations, social scripts contribute to and reinforce biases and stereotypes. Generics, too, both describe and reinforce stereotypes about social kinds. Stereotypes and Scripts forges new ground by offering an interdisciplinary account of stereotypes, social scripts, and generics by identifying connections between language use and stereotyping, then drawing on those insights to provide linguistic strategies for resisting harmful stereotypes. Samia Hesni analyzes how we enact and express stereotypes through language: specifically social scripts and generics. Hesni draws out relations between stereotypes, scripts, and generics, and connects them to individual action and social change through script disruption and careful uses of counter-evidence and counter-examples. The book also outlines how features of scripts and generics can be used to resist and undermine harmful stereotypes. The lessons we draw from this can be applied to resist various kinds of harmful speech, as part of a broader project of identifying and cultivating language of resistance.