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Clostridium Botulinum: Challenges and Great Opportunities for the Future

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Description

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced as protein complexes by Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium that are spores forming bacilli (C. botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense spp). Botulism is a neuromuscular disease caused by antigenically distinct serotypes of BoNTs (BoNT/A-H). BoNTs consist of a 100 kDa heavy chain responsible for neuronal targeting and a 50 kDa light chain inducing prolonged muscle paralysis. BoNTs show a high immunological and genetic diversity while having multiple medical applications. The cell-based assays represent a strong potential to replace the mouse bioassay for BoNT potency determination in pharmaceutical formulations by recapitulating all functional steps of toxin activity, they can also help identify suitable inhibitors and reduce the number of animals used. However, cell-based assays are still at various stages of development and not sufficiently robust due to high batch to batch cell variability. The development of safe countermeasures still requires the use of in vivo studies in parallel to in vitro immunological or cell-based approaches.Fast, precise, and more reliable detection methods offering enhanced precision and reproducibility are still required to monitor outbreaks and ensure surveillance of botulism. Botulinum toxin field encompasses therapeutic uses, basic research studies, and biodefense issues. This book offers a wide view on botulinum toxins by recapitulating a collection of original publications focused on Botulinum toxins diversity, novel antibodies countermeasures, detection methods developments and BoNT ever-expanding therapeutic applications.

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