Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management

Sustainable agricultural productivity relies on the effective preservation of soil fertility. Among the 16 essential elements required by plants, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from air and water, accounting for approximately 96% of a plants composition. The remaining elements, collectively accounting for around 4% of a plants makeup, are known as mineral nutrients and are absorbed by plants from the soil. These mineral nutrients play both structural and functional roles within the plants, with some elements offering beneficial effects. The interactions between mineral elements and soil organic matter, clay minerals, soil microorganisms, and other associated mineral elements determine their availability and dynamics in the soil. A thorough understanding of the dynamics of plant nutrients in the soil is crucial for effective nutrient management. Soil organic matter not only provides the necessary nutrients for crops but also enhances the biological and physical properties of the soil. This section offers information on the production and management of organic manures, biofertilizers, integrated nutrient management in cropping systems, and nutrient management in problematic soils.