About the Author Mohammed Maan Al-Salihi is a Medical doctor from Iraq, published many papers in international peer-reviewed neurosurgical journals, editor of the book “Pineal Neurosurgery.” Apart from these publications, Mohammed has devised many research courses for neurosurgical residents in Iraq at the Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital. Also, he has provided courses in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology for medical students at the College of Medicine/ University of Baghdad. Mohammed was the first Iraqi medical student to publish a neurosurgical paper and the first to edit a book published by a prestigious publishing company. He has authored the chapter “Evolutionary Retrace of the Third Eye” and explored the evolutionary background of the pineal gland, emphasizing the “why” rather than the “how”, trying to understand how this organ first appeared and why it has attained its current status. Dr. R. Shane Tubbs is a clinical anatomist who practiced in pediatric neurosurgery at the Children’s Hospital in Birmingham for 25 years. His research interests are centered around what his lab has termed “reverse translational anatomy research”, where clinical/surgical problems are identified and addressed via anatomical studies. This investigative paradigm has resulted in over 1,700 peer reviewed publications. Dr. Tubbs’ lab has made novel discoveries in human anatomy and many anatomical feasibility studies from his lab have been used by surgeons around the world. He has been a visiting professor to major institutions in the U.S. and worldwide. He has authored/edited over 50 books including Gray’s Anatomy Review, Gray’s Clinical Photographic Dissector of the Human Body, Netter’s Introduction to Clinical Procedures, Anatomy for Plastic Surgery of the Face, Head, and Neck, Nerves and Nerve Injuries, A History of Human Anatomy, and Bergman’s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. He is an editor for the 41st and 42nd editions of Gray’s Anatomy and the 5th through 8th editions of Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, and is editor-in-chief of Clinical Anatomy, the official journal of the American and British Associations of Clinical Anatomists. Dr. Tubbs is chair of the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies. Dr Ali Ayyad is a Senior consultant neurosurgeon currently working in Hamad General Hospital Doha, Qatar. He is also an Associate Professor of Neurosurgery at Saarland University, Homburg-Germany. His interests encompass skull base, cerebrovascular, minimal invasive neurosurgery and Neuro endoscopy. Dr Ayyad holds the portfolio of Director of Research at Department of Neurosurgery in Hamad General Hospital Doha. He has to his credit, a number of publications in leading neurosurgical journals and has also co-authored multiple book chapters. He has been invited as distinguished faculty to numerous regional and international conferences and his services as a neurosurgery instructor and tutor at a plethora of workshops including microneurosurgery and neuro endoscopy speak volumes of his keen interest as an educationist in neurosurgery. Prof. Goto is one of the world’s leading neurosurgeons in the field of robotics. He has published more than a 100 research. He and his colleague have developed many robotics surgery systems in Neurosurgery; NeuRobot (1996-2006): master-slave manipulator in endoscopic neurosurgery, iArmS® (2008-2016): robotics controlled freely movable armrest, SCOT® (2016-Present): IoT operating room for neurosurgery. Prof. Goto trains neurosurgical residents and medical students as a part of his job at St. Marianna University. Prof. Marrouf has authored more than 120 research papers, all published in the best leading neurosurgical journals. He has also made many conferences presentations. Prof. Marrouf has written many chapters contributing to major textbooks in neurosurgery. He trains neurosurgical residents and medical students at the University of Cologne, as part of his job as professor
