£46.25

FAYARD Histoire des populations de l'Europe Tome 2: II) La révolution démographique 1750 -1914

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Description

De 1750 à 1914, la population du Vieux Continent a été multipliée par trois : à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale, un homme sur quatre était un Européen. On a d'abord parlé de " transition démographique ", comme s'il s'agissait du passage d'un état stable à un autre, mais l'ampleur de l'événement et son caractère déstabilisateur ont invité à retenir le concept de " révolution démographique " proposé en 1934 par Adolphe Landry. Le recul de la mortalité a joué un rôle fondamental, mais cette victoire n'a été que partiellement et surtout tardivement l'œuvre des médecins, même si l'on tient compte des effets indiscutables de la vaccination de Jenner (1796-1798). Les progrès de l'hygiène, l'amélioration de l'environnement et les variations climatiques semblent, jusqu'à l'innovation pastorienne, plus déterminante encore. L'essor fut différentiel et ses effets contradictoires. L'industrialisation et l'urbanisation ont certes permis, ici ou là, une certaine libération du mariage et ainsi contribué directement à la croissance, mais la plupart des Européens sont restés des paysans attachés au mariage tardif qui demeura un trait distinctif. La densification suscita dans les campagnes beaucoup de souffrances ; elle fut également la cause des milliers de morts de la grande famine d'Irlande, de l'exode de 50 millions d'habitants hors d'Europe, sans compter tous ceux qui sont venus peupler les villes en pleine croissance. Ce prodigieux essor semble se briser en 1914. A y regarder de plus près, on s'aperçoit pourtant qu'avant même l'épreuve sanglante du conflit, des signes avant-coureurs de freinage étaient perceptibles, du moins à l'ouest. Bien avant tous les autres Européens, les Français avaient adopté des comportements contraceptifs, mais la limitation volontaire des naissances avait commencé à se généraliser à la fin du XIXe siècle. Croissance puis découverte de la contraception apparaissent comme des traits successifs et unifiants des comportements démographiques européens, mais les décalages et les différences de rythme invitent à explorer la diversité des situations.

Product Specifications

Brand
FAYARD
Format
paperback
Domain
Amazon UK
Release Date
21 February 2022
Listed Since
18 November 2009

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