IntechOpen Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycobacterial Infections

Mycobacteria comprise a vast group of obligate and opportunistic pathogens. The genus Mycobacterium is primarily divided into three groups: the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and Mycobacterium leprae. MTBC includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium canettii, among others. Approximately 98% of human tuberculosis (TB) cases are caused by M. tuberculosis. Currently, TB still poses significant challenges to global health. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 10.8 million people fell ill with TB worldwide in 2023, among whom 1.25 million people died from the disease. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) put ending the TB epidemic by 2030 among its health targets. As for NTM, also known as atypical mycobacteria, they are a group of bacteria found in natural environments worldwide, including soil, dust, and water. Unlike MTBC, which causes contagious diseases, NTM infections primarily affect the lungs, skin, and soft tissues, with no general contagion. However, the symptoms of NTM infection may be similar to those of MTBC, making it challenging to distinguish between MTBC and NTM infections. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and precision treatment of mycobacterial infections are essential for the effective control and efficient eradication of these bacterial pathogens. In this book, the authors focused on the various aspects of the mycobacterial species, providing updated knowledge about phylogenetic analysis, antibiotic resistance, rapid diagnosis, and treatment strategies of these bacterial pathogens. The integration of computational analysis and experimental evidence presented in this book will make it a reliable guideline for both microbiological researchers and healthcare providers seeking updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of mycobacterial infections.