Advances in Chemistry Research: Volume 46

Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 46 opens with a summary of the authors recent findings in which an integrated computational approach to in silico drug design was used to identify novel HIV-1 entry inhibitor scaffolds mimicking high-affinity ligands of the viral envelope proteins, namely broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNabs) VRC01, 3074, 10E8, and primary receptor CD4. Additionally, the authors examine recently published sequence- and structure-based methods for predicting peptide binders to major histocompatibility complex molecules and discuss their advantages and limitations (MHC). MHC molecules present peptide fragments (antigens) derived from pathogens and display them at the cell surface for T-cell recognition. Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is one of the most important technologiesapplied in many refineries and has the ability to convert anextensive range of feedstocks to more valuable products including gasoline and propylene. This book provides a general background of the FCC process and details of the process will be presented focusing on FCC catalyst materials and additives. The effects of external physical fields (thermal (TF), ultrasonic (UF), and microwave (MF)) on the isothermal kinetics of fullerol formation are investigated. A spectrophotometric method was developed to monitor the conversion degree of fullerene to fullerol, and both the isothermal kinetic curves and conversion curves for fullerol formation are determined under TF, UF, and MF fields at different temperatures ranging from 293 to 313 K. The authors examine the way an excess of oxidative species can cause fatal damage to lipids within the cell membranes, cellular proteins and nucleic acids, as well as to the constituents of the extracellular matrix, such as collagens and proteoglycans. A simple expression is derived to evaluate diffusion activation energy, which involves only processing temperatures and the number of waveguide modes supported by the formed structures. Neither data processing nor special software is necessary for this calculation, and the technique also enables the evaluation of the diffusion activation energy directly in the procedure of self-similarity verification using the refractive index profiles found from the measured waveguide mode spectra. Lastly, this book suggests that thermal fluctuations play an important role in aid of flow stress above the temperature of 0 K, and the aid energy supplied by the thermal fluctuations is given for NaCl single crystals doped with various monovalent ions separately, when the weak obstacle (i.e. dopant ion) is overcome by a dislocation.