VSC HVDC & TRANSMISSION RENEWABLE ENERGY

Growing awareness concerning the environmental footprint of the human species is now much considered. Green House Gases (GHG) are critical for contributing to global warming. Generating renewable energy power plants will become the choice for generating electricity in the future. The electricity from a clean source of energy is needed and has become a requirement in some countries, the generation of renewable energy power plants continues to increase. The generation of electricity from fossil (conventional) is a great contributor to CO2 emissions, burnt fossils such as oil and coal will be increasingly limited and these sources will be replaced by renewable energy. The renewable energy plants from hydropower, wind energy and solar energy are usually located in a remote area, away from the load center and sometimes located offshore. The electrical Power transmission could be used through different technologies: 1. High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC). 2. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC). The power transmission using HVDC uses different topologies, such as the following: 1. Voltage Source Converter HVDC (VSC HVDC). 2. Line Commutated Converter HVDC (LCC HVDC). This book discusses VSC HVDC only. The electrical power transmission of renewable energy from wind and solar energy, if it is located offshore and preferably uses the topology VSC HVDC rather than LCC HVDC, because VSC HVDC platform requires small space and the VSC converter valve can perform a black-start operation. The offshore wind farms or solar energy usually are located at the transmission end. The VSC technology is used in many applications such as electric vehicles, motor drives with variable speeds and high voltage direct current (HVDC). The converter technology is also used to generate electrical power from wind turbine and solar energy. The VSC HVDC with a modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology has several features such as generating very low harmonic, high modularity, high reliability and high efficiency. VSC HVDC Gotland Sweden is the first VSC HVDC in the world, operating commercially in the year 1999. As of 2023, more than 50 projects VSC HVDC converter stations are already in operation, and the numbers are continuing to grow since many VSC HVDC projects in 2023 are under the construction phase. By using VSC HVDC, the solving problems in power transmission are made easier. It requires the electrical engineer to design the VSC HVDC converter station. The basic and usefulness of VSC HVDC technology information is still very little, so it is difficult to find a skilled workforce in the VSC HVDC field. The fast speed of development VSC HVDC with MMC technology has created a knowledge gap between the theories taught in universities/colleges and field practice carried out by VSC HVDC manufacturers, specialists, contractors, and developers of VSC HVDC projects. There is a need for field engineers, and project developers involved in the development and management to gain a view into the design, control, and application of the MMC technology. In this respect, the reference book is needed to fill the gap between the theories and practice. This book is based on practical experience in VSC HVDC, and it provides insight into VSC HVDC, subsequently the book consists of the following information: - Comparison between HVAC and HVDC, comparison between LCC HVDC and VSC HVDC, VSC HVDC configuration, an overview of MMC technology, design and operation of VSC HVDC, system layout, system control and protection VSC HVDC, study engineering, factory and site testing, commissioning, energization, project warranty and some project references.. - Transmission electrical power renewable energy. - Economic aspects and comparison between HVAC and HVDC technologies - Contract practice such as : Provision acceptance contract; warranty contract; FAC and Liquidated damaged (LD).