Bloomsbury Academic Maximization, Whatever the Cost: Race, Redistricting, and the Department of Justice

During the early 1990s the Department of Justice used its Voting Rights Act power to object to racially unfair redistricting laws to force states to maximize minority congressional districts. The results were dramatic: Congressional Black Caucus membership swelled from 25 to 38 and nine new Hispanic congresspersons were sworn in. Only three years later, the maximization strategy lay in ruins. The courts forced many of the new minority districts to be redrawn and the judiciary reserved especially harsh criticism for the Department. Cunningham examines and analyzes how the Department came to adopt the maximization strategy. He explores the bureaucratic culture of the Division's Voting Section, its history, and the interaction of its progressive career staff with more conservative political appointees. The Division works amidst a vibrant interest group environment, with civil rights advocates, the state, and political parties eager for influence. Cunningham shows how that influence contest was won by the civil rights groups, how their preferred interpretations of fair redistricting and discriminatory purpose were adopted by the Division, and how their chosen districting models were forced upon states by the Division. He examines the effect the Department has had on federalism, representation, and its own impaired credibility with the judiciary. Finally, he suggests how the Division might resurrect its damaged reputation for balanced enforcement. An important study for scholars, students, and public policy makers involved with civil rights, public administration, and public law. Review "As someone who served on a congressional redistricting commission in 1991, I encountered the force of the Department of Justice doctrine of maximization' of minority representation. But not until I read Maurice Cunningham's superb account of the administration of Section Five of the Voting Rights Act did I realize just how far political and career professionals could push the envelope of voting rights policy."-Alan Rosenthal Professor of Political Science Eagleton Institute, Rutgers University .,."a refreshing addition to the VRA literature because it is not a piece of advocacy....a breath of fresh air and a succinct inquiry into the politics and implementation of the Voting Rights Act. It puts the many works of advocacy that characterize the voting rights literature into a thoughtful political science perspective."-American Political Science Review ?...a refreshing addition to the VRA literature because it is not a piece of advocacy....a breath of fresh air and a succinct inquiry into the politics and implementation of the Voting Rights Act. It puts the many works of advocacy that characterize the voting rights literature into a thoughtful political science perspective.?-American Political Science Review ..."a refreshing addition to the VRA literature because it is not a piece of advocacy....a breath of fresh air and a succinct inquiry into the politics and implementation of the Voting Rights Act. It puts the many works of advocacy that characterize the voting rights literature into a thoughtful political science perspective."-American Political Science Review About the Author MAURICE T. CUNNINGHAM is Chairman of the Political Science Department at the University of Massachusetts at Boston./e He is a former assistant attorney general in Massachusetts and participated as co-counsel in Voting Rights Act litigation.