Creole: Portraits of France’s Foreign Relations During the Long Nineteenth Century

This book addresses the unique and profound indeterminacy of "Creole," a label applied to white, Black, and mixed-race persons born in French colonies during the nineteenth century. Creole" implies that the geography of one's birth determines identity in ways that supersede race, language, nation, and social status. Paradoxically, the very capaciousness of the term engendered a perpetual search for visual signs of racial difference as well as a pretense to blindness about the intermingling of races in Creole society. Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby reconstructs the search for visual signs of racial difference among people whose genealogies were often repressed. She explores French representations of Creole subjects and representations by Creole artists in France, the Caribbean, and the Americas. To do justice to the complexity of Creole identity, Grigsby interrogates the myriad ways in which people defined themselves in relation to others. With close attention to the differences between Afro-Creole and Euro-Creole cultures and persons, Grigsby examines works by Théodore Chassériau, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Théodore Géricault, and Charles Allen Duval and finds challenging new insights into their art and their world. Based on extensive archival research, Creole is an original and important examination of colonial identity. This essential study will be welcomed by specialists in nineteenth-century art history, French cultural history, the history of race, and transatlantic history more generally.